Impact of proliferation strategies on food web viability in a model with closed nutrient cycle

A food web model with a closed nutrient cycle is presented and analyzed via Monte Carlo simulations. The model consists of three trophic levels, each of which is populated by animals of one distinct species. While the species at the intermediate level feeds on the basal species, and is eaten by the predators living at the highest level, the basal species itself uses the detritus of animals from higher levels as the food resource. The individual organisms remain localized, but the species can invade new lattice areas via proliferation. The impact of different proliferation strategies on the viability of the system is investigated. From the phase diagrams generated in the simulations it follows that in general a strategy with the intermediate level species searching for food is the best for the survival of the system. The results indicate that both the intermediate and top level species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of the system.     

近红外光谱法测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值

应用近红外光谱技术(NIRS)直接分析新鲜饲草的营养价值,如饲草中干物质(DM),粗蛋白(CP),中性洗涤纤维(NDF),酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量,对畜牧业生产具有重要意义。鲜草中由于含有较多的水分,不易制备均一的样品和进行光谱中有用信息的提取,因此难于进行近红外光谱分析。本试验应用偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)、傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术和液氮冷冻制样技术,建立了适合于不同品种,不同生育期,不同茬次和不同青贮方法即时测定青贮苜蓿鲜样中DM,CP,NDF,ADF的模型,以期对NIRS在测定紫花苜蓿青贮鲜样品这些成分测定的可行性进行分析。所建DM,CP,NDF和ADF模型的交叉检验决定系数(R2_cv)为0.884 6～0.989 8,交叉检验标准误(RMSECV)为3.9～9.7 g·kg-1鲜重。用50个样品对模型进行外部检验,预测相关系数(r)为0.939 7～0.994 9,预测标准误为1.9～8.3 g·kg-1鲜重。结果表明： 采用适当的样品处理方法和光谱分析技术可以实现近红外光谱技术对苜蓿青贮鲜样的营养价值评定。     

硝基苯对莱茵衣藻叶绿素及营养生理的影响

采用10、50、100mg/L硝基苯处理莱茵衣藻,测定了叶绿素、藻细胞内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量.结果表明,处理第4d后叶绿素与对照相比均显著下降,暴露4d后可溶性糖的含量,处理组为对照的1.57倍、3.37倍、5.44倍.中、高浓度硝基苯处理藻细胞8d内,可溶蛋白质含量与对照相比呈现先升后降的趋势.     

包膜型多功能缓/控释肥料的研究现状及进展

缓/控释肥料能够在保证粮食产量的前提下,提高养分利用率,减少肥料养分流失对环境造成的危害。包膜型缓/控释肥料对养分具有更好的控释效果,通过包膜材料的组成设计,最有可能实现养分的释放速率与作物的需肥规律相匹配。本文综述了包膜型缓/控释肥料的国内外研究现状,肥料养分的控释机理和释放性能评价方法,阐述了包膜型缓/控释肥料研究和应用中存在的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

野生植物大花青藤的营养成分

对野生植物大花青藤的营养成分进行了分析 ,结果表明 ,大花青藤中含有多种营养成分 ,丰富的矿质元素和维生素及其 β-胡萝卜素。大花青藤中至少含有 17种氨基酸。为开发利用植物资源提供了科学依据。     

ICP-AES测定香石竹侧蕾的营养元素

湿法消解处理4种香石竹侧蕾,ICP-AES测定K、Ca、Mg、B、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn的含量,研究香石竹侧蕾的养分含量。结果表明,侧蕾中各元素除K、Mg、B外多呈下降趋势,其中K 311.1—356.7μg/mL,Ca 129.9—314.7μg/mL,Mg 75.68—99.21μg/mL。B、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn作为微量元素,在香石竹器官中含量较少,除Cu外,其他微量元素的最高值都出现在1号试样。实验结果将为香石竹切花生产提供理论依据。     

Study of essential element accumulation in the leaves of a Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens after Cu treatment by imaging laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was used for the quantitative imaging of Cu and other essential elements (such as K, Mg, Mn, P, S and B) in the leaves of a Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens treated with the enriched ⁶⁵Cu isotope tracer (isotope abundance of 89.2%). The leaves (newly formed, fully grown and oldest) were scanned directly with a focused Nd:YAG laser in the laser ablation chamber. The ablated material was transported with argon as carrier gas to a quadrupole-based ICP-MS (ICP-QMS), and the ion intensities of ⁶⁵Cu⁺, ³⁹K⁺, ²⁴Mg⁺, ⁵⁵Mn⁺, ³¹P⁺, ³⁴S⁺ and ¹¹B⁺ were measured by ICP-QMS to study the accumulation of Cu and other elements of interest. Standard reference material NIST SRM 1515 Apple Leaves doped with known concentrations of analytes (from 0.1 to 2000 mg L⁻¹) was measured together with the samples by LA-ICP-MS and was used for the quantification of the analytical data. Notable accumulation of Cu in the newly formed leaves was clearly identified by imaging LA-ICP-MS. The increased isotope ratios of ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu measured by LA-ICP-MS demonstrated the path of Cu uptake and accumulation via the petiole and main veins in the leaves. Cu stress-induced accumulation of K, Mg, Mn, P and S in the newly formed leaves was observed, while B was not significantly affected. In the present study, the concentrations of K, Mg, Mn, P and S were not obviously changed in the fully grown leaves after short-term treatment. Along with the treatment, a visible decrease of K and P was found in the oldest leaves, while other elements were not influenced by Cu stress.     

一种处理含Cr3+电镀污水的新工艺

介绍了电生物膜方法治理重金属离子有机废水的基本原理，采用自主研究并开发的新型电生物膜偶合工艺处理了含Cr^3 的电镀厂排污废水，通过长期连续实验研究了微生物生长代谢的营养源以及生物膜脱落更新下的废水净化效果。实验结果表明，电生物膜法对含Cr^3 的电镀废水水质水量波动适应性强，含Cr^3 初始浓度为5～80mg/L的电镀废水均可得到高效治理，出水浓度为1．0mg/L左右，低于工业污水排放标准。同时，得到了操作电压、废水pH、停留时间、温度等的最佳工艺条件调节方法和规律。实验还表明，生物膜成长后期的脱落更新能够保证连续高效净化重金属离子有机废水。     

基于双波段植被指数(TBVI)的柑橘冠层含氮量预测及可视化研究

氮素(nitrogen,N)是果树生长发育的必需重要元素,及时准确地无损检测果树的氮素水平对果实增产、合理施肥以及减少环境污染等具有重要意义。研究了基于高光谱成像技术进行柑橘冠层含氮量预测及可视化的可行性。实验采用高光谱成像光谱仪ImSpector V10E(Spectral imaging Ltd.,Oulu,Finland)分别采集柑橘叶片实验室样本和野外整个植株冠层的高光谱图像。利用ENVI软件提取每个叶片样本感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱数据作为整个样本的光谱数据进行分析,同时采用杜马斯燃烧法快速定氮仪(ElementarAnalytical, Germany)测定叶片样本的含氮量。通过简单相关分析和双波段植被指数(TBVI)的获取,建立基于光谱数据的含氮量预测模型。计算表明,基于811和856 nm的双波段植被指数(TBVI)能够建立最佳的柑橘叶片含氮量预测模型(R2=0.607 1)。在此基础上,计算上述TBVI的冠层图像,把基于该TBVI的含氮量预测模型导入到TBVI图像中计算生成冠层含氮量的预测分布图。图中直观地显示柑橘嫩叶、中叶、老叶的含氮水平从高到低分布,实现了冠层含氮量的可视化。结果表明,利用高光谱成像技术可以实现柑橘冠层氮素水平的检测和诊断,这为实施基于每颗果树信息的变量施肥技术提供了参考信息。